Biology Pre-board Exam 2024-Solved Model Paper%20(3).png)
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FBISE Class 10
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SECTION ---A
Q1: Attempt all questions from the following:
1-Which one is not a function of inner ear?
A)Helps to maintain balance B)produce wax C)Helps in hearing D)Detects movement of head
Answer: B) produce wax
2-Select a drug reducing irritability.
A)Antibiotic B)Sedative C)Analgesic D)vaccine
Answer: B) Sedative
3-Select a mutualistic relationship from the example given below.
A)frog and fly B)snake and frog C)Man and mosquito D)termite and protozoan
Answer: D) termite and protozoan
4-Select the function of hypothalamus.
A)Receives sensory impulse B)involves in perceiving pain C)concerned with sense of smell D)controls secretion of pituitary
Answer: D) controls secretion of pituitary
5-Which one of the following is not true for biceps?
A)these are flexors B)relax during flexion C)present on front of upper arm D)cause bending of arm
Answer: B) relax during flexion
6-In double fertilization, endosperm nucleus is formed by fusion of a sperm with.
A)Egg B)Fusion nucleus C)Macrospore D)Microspore
Answer: B) Fusion nucleus
7-The drug applied on wounds to stop bleeding is:
A)Silver nitrate B)Iodine C)sulpha drug D)Coedine
Answer: A) Silver nitrate
8-The tube between kidney and urinary bladder is:
A)Renal tubule B)Urethra C)Ureter D)Nephron
Answer: C) Ureter
9-Which of the following is a joint disorder?
A)Osteoporosis B)Osteoarthritis C)Hinge joint D)Fracture
Answer: B) Osteoarthritis
10- What is the cause of acid rain?
A)Carbon monoxide B)Carbon dioxide C)Carbon hydride D)sulphur dioxide
Answer: D) sulphur dioxide
11-How many kinds of gametes can be formed by an organism having a genotype BbCc?
A)1 B)4 C)2 D)8
Answer: C) 2
12-Which of the following can be a source of vector in genetic engineering?
A)Algae B)Mushroom C)Bacteria D)Plant
Answer: C) Bacteria
SECTION ---B(Marks 33)
%20(2).png "Class 10 FBISE SSC II")
Q2-Attempt all parts from the following. All parts carry equal marks.
i. Differentiate between transcription and translation?
Answer:
Transcription:
- Occurs in the nucleus of a cell
- Involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA template
- Involves the processes of initiation, elongation, and termination
- mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Translation:
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell
- Involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA template
- Involves the processes of initiation, elongation, and termination
- tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins
ii. In which part of the nephron selective reabsorption takes place? And how?
Answer:
Selective reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. It is the process by which certain substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and ions, are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood. This occurs through active transport and facilitated diffusion mechanisms, ensuring that essential substances are retained in the body while waste products are excreted in the urine.
OR
iii-What is meant by genetic engineering? Why do we use microorganisms in genetic engineering?
Answer:
Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genetic material to modify its characteristics or create new traits. It involves techniques such as gene cloning, gene insertion, and gene editing.
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Microorganisms are used in genetic engineering because they have several advantages:
- They have rapid reproduction rates, allowing for quick generation of genetically modified organisms.
- They are easy to manipulate genetically due to their small size and simple genetic structure.
- They can produce large quantities of proteins and other desired products through genetic modification.
- They can serve as vehicles (vectors) to deliver genetic material into other organisms.
iv-What are movable joints? Write their types with examples.
Answer:
Movable joints, also known as synovial joints, are joints that allow for a wide range of movement between the bones. There are six types of movable joints:
1. Hinge Joint: Allows movement in one plane, like a door hinge.
Example: Elbow joint.
2. Ball-and-Socket Joint: Allows movement in multiple directions.
Example: Hip joint.
3. Pivot Joint: Allows rotational movement.
Example: Joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck.
4. Gliding Joint: Allows sliding or twisting movements.
Example: Joints between the bones of the wrist.
5. Condyloid Joint: Allows movement in two planes.
Example: Joint between the radius and carpal bones of the wrist.
6. Saddle Joint: Allows movement in multiple directions.
Example: Joint between the thumb and the metacarpal bone.
v-Differentiate between lenticels and stomata?
Answer:
Lenticels:
- Found in the woody parts of plants, such as stems and roots.
- Allow for gas exchange between the internal tissues and the external environment.
- Do not have guard cells.
- Do not regulate the opening and closing of the pores.
- Facilitate the exchange of gases even when the stomata are closed.
- Help in the exchange of gases during periods of reduced stomatal activity, such as winter or water stress.
Stomata:
- Found on the surface of leaves, stems, and other aerial parts of plants.
- Allow for gas exchange between the internal tissues and the external environment.
- Have guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the pores.
- Control the exchange of gases and the loss of water through transpiration.
- Help in theregulation of photosynthesis and water balance in plants.
OR
vi-Enlist differences between endoskeleton and exoskeleton?
Answer:
Endoskeleton:
- Found inside the body of an organism.
- Provides support and protection to internal organs.
- Allows for greater flexibility and range of movement.
- Composed of bones or cartilage.
- Grows with the organism and can repair itself.
- Found in vertebrates, such as humans.
Exoskeleton:
- Found outside the body of an organism.
- Provides support and protection to the organism.
- Restricts movement to joints.
- Composed of hard, rigid structures, such as chitin.
- Does not grow with the organism and must be shed and replaced during growth.
- Found in invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans.
vii-What are the features of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers?
Answer:
Insect-pollinated flowers:
- Brightly colored with distinct patterns.
- Produce nectar to attract insects.
- Have a strong fragrance to attract insects.
- Have sticky or feathery stigma to catch pollen.
- Have structures, such as petals and landing platforms, to aid insect landing.
- Produce small to moderate amounts of pollen.
- Have a smaller, closed flower shape to prevent pollen loss.
Wind-pollinated flowers:
- Dull in color and lack distinct patterns.
- Do not produce nectar or have a fragrance.
- Have long, filamentous stigmas to catch pollen.
- Produce large amounts of light, dry pollen.
- Have small, inconspicuous flowers.
- Often have structures, such as feathery or fluffy appendages, to aid in pollen dispersal.
- Produce large quantities of pollen to ensure successful pollination in wind currents.
OR
viii-What is meant by GMO? How is it significant?
Answer:
GMO stands for genetically modified organism. It refers to an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. These modifications may involve the insertion, deletion, or modification of specific genes to introduce desired traits or characteristics.
GMOs are significant because:
- They can enhance crop yield and quality, leading to increased food production.
- They can improve resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses.
- They can reduce the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides.
- They can enhance nutritional content and improve food safety.
- They can contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture practices.
- They have the potential to address global challenges, such as food security and climate change.
ix-Draw a Punnett square to find out the result of the cross Rr×Rr.
Answer:
| R | r |
--------------
R | RR | Rr |
--------------
r | Rr | rr |
--------------
The Punnett square shows that the cross between two heterozygous individuals (Rr × Rr) would result in the following offspring:
- 25% chance of producing offspring with the genotype RR
- 50% chance of producing offspring with the genotype Rr
- 25% chance of producing offspring with the genotype rr
x-How have human activities contributed to the loss of balance in nature?
Answer:
Human activities have contributed to the loss of balance in nature in several ways:
- Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization, and logging destroys habitats, reduces biodiversity, and disrupts ecosystems.
- Pollution: Industrial and agricultural activities release pollutants into the air, water, and soil, leading to environmental degradation and the loss of species.
- Climate Change: The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation contribute to the release of greenhouse gases, leading to global warming, altered weather patterns, and habitat loss.
- Overfishing: The excessive fishing of marine species disrupts aquatic ecosystems, depletes fish populations, and affects the food chain.
- Habitat Destruction: Urbanization, infrastructure development, and land conversion for agriculture result in the loss of natural habitats, displacing wildlife and reducing biodiversity.
- Invasive Species: Human-mediated introduction of non-native species can disrupt native ecosystems, outcompete native species, and cause ecological imbalances.
- Resource Extraction: Mining, oil drilling, and excessive extraction of natural resources lead to habitat destruction, soil erosion, and pollution.
xi-Name and define three types of arthritis?
Answer:
1. Osteoarthritis: It is a degenerative joint disease that occurs due to the breakdown of cartilage in the joints. It is commonly associated with aging and wear and tear of the joints. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis: It is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. It can affect multiple joints and may also cause systemic symptoms such as fatigue and fever.
3. Gout: It is a form of arthritis characterized by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. It typically affects the big toe but can also involve other joints. G
SECTION ---C
Q3: Explain monohybrid cross with the help of Punnett Square?
Monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that differ in only one trait. It involves the study of inheritance patterns for a single gene. The Punnett Square is a useful tool to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a monohybrid cross.
Let's take an example of a monohybrid cross between two pea plants with the genotype Tt (tall) and tt (dwarf). In this case, the trait being studied is plant height, and the allele for tallness (T) is dominant over the allele for dwarfness (t).
Punnett Square:
| T | t |
--------------
T | TT | Tt |
--------------
t | Tt | tt |
--------------
In the Punnett Square, the letters represent the alleles from each parent. The capital letter represents the dominant allele, and the lowercase letter represents the recessive allele.
From the Punnett Square, we can determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. In this case, the offspring have the following probabilities:
- 25% chance of being tall (TT)
- 50% chance of being tall (Tt)
- 25% chance of being dwarf (tt)
OR
Q3: Define codominance and explain with an example?
Codominance is a type of inheritance pattern where both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed, resulting in the simultaneous presence of both traits in the phenotype. In codominance, neither allele is dominant or recessive, and they are both visible in the offspring.
An example of codominance is the ABO blood group system in humans. The ABO system involves three alleles: A, B, and O. Alleles A and B are codominant, while allele O is recessive. When an individual has the genotype AO, both alleles A and O are expressed, resulting in the blood type A. Similarly, when an individual has the genotype BO, both alleles B and O are expressed, resulting in the blood type B.
If two individuals with blood types A and B have offspring, the possible genotypes and phenotypes can be determined through a Punnett Square:
Punnett Square:
| A | B |
--------------
A | AA | AB |
--------------
B | AB | BB |
--------------
From the Punnett Square, we can see that the offspring can have the following blood types:
- 25% chance of blood type A (AA)
- 25% chance of blood type B (BB)
- 50% chance of blood type AB (AB)
Q4: Explain reflex action with the help of a diagram?
Reflex action is an involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses through a reflex arc, bypassing the brain for a faster response. Here is a simplified diagram explaining the reflex arc:
Stimulus -> Sensory Receptor -> Sensory Neuron -> Spinal Cord -> Motor Neuron -> Effector -> Response
1. Stimulus: Any change in the environment that activates a sensory receptor, such as touching a hot object.
2. Sensory Receptor: Specialized cells that detect the stimulus, such as the receptors in the skin that sense heat.
3. Sensory Neuron: Nerve cells that transmit the sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord.
4. Spinal Cord: Part of the central nervous system that receives the sensory information and coordinates the reflex response.
5. Motor Neuron: Nerve cells that transmit the motor commands from the spinal cord to the effector.
6. Effector: Muscles or glands that carry out the response, such as the muscles that withdraw the hand from a hot object.
7. Response: The automatic and rapid action taken in response to the stimulus, such as pulling the hand away from the hot object.
The reflex arc allows for a quick and automatic response to potentially harmful stimuli without the need for conscious thought or decision-making.
OR
Q4: Discuss the osmoregulatory role of the kidney?
The osmoregulatory role of the kidney is to regulate the concentration of water and solutes in the body's fluids, maintaining a stable internal environment. The primary osmoregulatory structures in the kidney are the nephrons, which filter blood and produce urine.
The process of osmoregulation in the kidney involves several steps:
1. Filtration: Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, and the nephrons filter the blood to remove waste products and excess substances, such as urea, toxins, and ions. This filtered fluid, called the glomerular filtrate, contains water, glucose, salts, and other solutes.
2. Reabsorption: As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, essential substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and ions, are selectively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This reabsorption occursthrough active transport and passive diffusion, depending on the concentration gradients and specific transport mechanisms.
3. Secretion: In this process, certain substances, such as hydrogen ions and drugs, are actively transported from the blood into the renal tubules to be excreted in the urine. Secretion helps in eliminating additional waste products and maintaining the pH balance of the body.
4. Concentration and Dilution: The kidney regulates the concentration of urine based on the body's hydration needs. The reabsorption of water and solutes in the renal tubules is controlled by hormones, such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. ADH increases the reabsorption of water, leading to the production of concentrated urine, while aldosterone regulates the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.
By regulating the reabsorption and excretion of water and solutes, the kidney helps maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. This process ensures that the body is properly hydrated and that waste products are eliminated while essential substances are retained.
Q5: What do you know about the nitrogen cycle?
The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process that describes the movement and transformation of nitrogen in the environment. Nitrogen is an essential element for the growth and development of living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle plays a crucial role in recycling nitrogen between the atmosphere, soil, and organisms.
The nitrogen cycle consists of the following main processes:
1. Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, but most organisms cannot directly use atmospheric nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria, such as Rhizobium and cyanobacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a more usable form, such as ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-). This process can occur through biological nitrogen fixation, where bacteria live in symbiotic relationships with plants or through non-biological processes like lightning.
2. Nitrification: Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria. Ammonia is produced by the decomposition of organic matter or from nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrite and nitrate are forms of nitrogen that can be readily taken up by plants.
3. Assimilation: Assimilation is the process by which plants and other organisms take up inorganic nitrogen (ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate) from the soil and incorporate it into organic compounds, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
4. Ammonification: Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and urea, into ammonia (NH3) by decomposer bacteria and fungi during the decomposition of organic matter.
5. Denitrification: Denitrification is the final step in the nitrogen cycle, where certain bacteria convert nitrates (NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2), completing the cycle. Denitrification occurs in oxygen-depleted environments, such as waterlogged soils or sediments.
The nitrogen cycle is essential for maintaining the availability of nitrogen for plant growth and ecosystem functioning. It involves a complex interplay between biological, chemical, and physical processes, ensuring that nitrogen is recycled and made available to support life.
Q6: Explain the reproductive system of a rabbit?
The reproductive system of a rabbit, like other mammals, is responsible for the production of gametes (sperm and eggs) and the facilitation of fertilization and pregnancy. Here are the key components of the reproductive system in rabbits:
1. Testes: The male reproductive organs are called testes. They are located in the scrotum, outside the body cavity, to maintain a lower temperature necessary for sperm production. The testes produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
2. Penis: The penis is the male reproductive organ responsible for transferring sperm into the female reproductive tract during mating.
3. Ovaries: The female reproductive organs are called ovaries. They produce eggs (ova) through a process called oogenesis. The eggs are released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes during ovulation.
4. Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, are the structures that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization of the egg by sperm usually occurs in the fallopian tubes.
5. Uterus: The uterus is a muscular organ where fertilized eggs implant and develop into embryos. In rabbits, the uterus is divided into two separate parts, each capable of supporting the development of embryos.
6. Vagina: The vagina is the passage leading from the uterus to the outside of the body. During mating, the penis is inserted into the vagina for sperm deposition.
7. Mammary Glands: Female rabbits have mammary glands that produce milk to nourish their offspring after birth.
The reproductive system of rabbits is adapted for sexual reproduction, with males
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