English Language Study Guide: Parts of Speech, Figurative Language, and Direct/Indirect Speech for FBISE Class 10

Parts of speech, Figurative language and

Direct and Indirect speech - Notes and exercises

FBISE Class 10

Parts of speech

NOUN - (Naming word)

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.

Examples of nouns: Daniel, London, table, dog, teacher, pen, city,

happiness, hope

Example sentences: Steve lives

in Sydney. Mary uses pen and paper to write letters.

PRONOUN - (Replaces a Noun)

A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid

repetition.

Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him,

her, this, those

Example sentences: Mary is tired. She wants to sleep. I want her to

dance with me.

ADJECTIVE - (Describing word)

An adjective describes, modifies or gives more information about a

noun or pronoun.

Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three

Example sentences: The little girl had a pink hat.

VERB - (Action Word)

A verb shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what

someone or something is doing.

Examples: go, speak, run, eat, play, live, walk, have, like, are, is

Example sentences: I like Woodward English. I study their charts

and play their games.

ADVERB - (Describes a verb)

An adverb describes/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

It tells how, where, when, how often or to what extent. Many adverbs

end in -LY

Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too, well, tomorrow,

here

Example sentences: I am usually busy. Yesterday, I ate my

lunch quickly.

PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship)

A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another

word. They can indicate time, place, or relationship.

Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near, between, about, under

Example sentences: I left my keys on the table for you.

CONJUNCTION - (Joining word)

A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a

sentence and shows how they are connected.

Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, since, if.

Example sentences: I was hot and exhausted but I still finished the

marathon.

INTERJECTION - (Expressive word)

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or

emotion. It is a short exclamation.

Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi!

Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! – Ouch!

That hurt.

Sometimes teachers include Articles as a ninth part of speech so we

have included it here. Note, an article is a type of adjective

ARTICLE - (Defining word)

An article is used before a noun. These are divided into definite (the)

and indefinite (a, an). Articles help define nouns.

Examples: a, an, the

Example sentences: I need a dictionary. The dictionary needs to be in

English.

Parts Of Speech Exercises- 1

Find out the correct and the most appropriate type of speech in the

following parts of speech exercises;

1. Sheela went to the stationary to purchase *books* ( __________

).

2. She went to the mall *but* ( __________ ) did not purchase

anything new.

3. I *liked* ( __________ ) *her* ( __________ ) better than

another classmate.

4. A beautiful girl was doing her tasks *quickly* ( __________ ).

5. *She*( __________ ) goes for the morning walk regularly.

6. When she was *lying*( )in the park an insect bit her.

7. *You* ( __________ ) took him by holding his hand.

8. A *rich* ( __________ ) man purchased a *stunning* (

__________ )jewellery.

9. *Hurrah! *( __________ ) I have cleared all examinations.

10. The kitten is hiding *under* ( __________ ) the table.

11. *Alas!* ( __________ ) He couldn’t come here.

12. The body of the cupboard is made of *iron*. ( __________

)

13. This is not *your* ( __________ ) pencil but his.

14. There is still some juice *in *( __________ ) the bottle.

15. Sheetal is *performing* ( __________ ) her

responsibilities properly.

16. The painting made by the artist is *almost*( __________ )

impeccable.

17. We shall not leave *unless* ( __________ ) you permit us.

18. The path is *to* ( __________ ) cross by.

19. The Jasmine flowers smell *sweet*. ( __________ )

20. She *frequently* ( __________ ) goes to the temple.

Here are some notes and exercises on parts of speech, figurative language, and direct and indirect speech for FBISE Class 10:

**Parts of Speech:**

1. **Noun:** A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Example: dog, cat, table, love.

2. **Pronoun:** A word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Example: he, she, it, they.

3. **Verb:** A word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being. Example: run, jump, laugh, is.

4. **Adjective:** A word that describes or modifies a noun. Example: big, happy, red, beautiful.

5. **Adverb:** A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Example: quickly, slowly, very, too.

6. **Preposition:** A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. Example: in, on, at, under.

7. **Conjunction:** A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Example: and, but, or, because.

8. **Interjection:** A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise. Example: Wow!, Ouch!, Hey!

**Figurative Language:**

1. **Simile:** A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as". Example: She is as brave as a lion.

2. **Metaphor:** A comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as". Example: Time is a thief.

3. **Personification:** Giving human qualities to non-human entities. Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

4. **Hyperbole:** Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Example: I've told you a million times.

5. **Alliteration:** The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

6. **Onomatopoeia:** Words that imitate sounds. Example: Boom, buzz, hiss.

7. **Idiom:** A phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning. Example: It's raining cats and dogs.

8. **Irony:** A situation where the actual outcome is different from what was expected. Example: The fire station burned down.

**Direct and Indirect Speech:**

**Direct Speech:**

In direct speech, the exact words of the speaker are quoted within inverted commas.

Example: She said, "I am going to the market."

**Indirect Speech:**

In indirect speech, the words of the speaker are reported without using quotation marks, and may be altered to fit into the sentence structure.

Example: She said that she was going to the market.

**Exercises:**

1. Identify the parts of speech in the following sentences:

- The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

- She sings beautifully.

- The cat sat on the mat.

- John and Peter went to the park.

- Wow! That's amazing!

2. Identify the figurative language used in the following sentences:

- The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. (Personification)

- His words were a dagger in her heart. (Metaphor)

- The flowers whispered secrets to the wind. (Personification)

- She's as quiet as a mouse. (Simile)

- Time crept by like a wounded animal. (Simile)

3. Rewrite the following sentences from direct to indirect speech:

- Direct: "I will come to your party," said Sarah.

- Direct: "The train leaves at 3 o'clock," he said.

- Direct: "I love chocolate," she exclaimed.

- Direct: "Don't forget to water the plants," Mom said.

- Direct: "I have finished my homework," Tom announced.

These exercises should help reinforce the understanding of parts of speech, figurative language, and direct and indirect speech for Class 10 students.